Extraction of Enzymes from Spent Mushroom Substrate

I’ve been thinking of ways to use my spent mushroom blocks, and one of the ideas I had was to try and extract the enzymes they produce while colonizing and eating the substrate. Obviously the enzymes would make it into my soil if I simply top dressed the spent substrate and let the worms go to town, but I want a more immediate and penetrating effect. As is usually the case, some curious scientists already thought of this and did some science:

Extraction of enzymes from spent mushroom compost

I’ll be stealing their tap water extraction method, minus the centrifuge step. Should look like this:

-weigh out some spent substrate
-measure out twice the gram weight in mL of filtered water
-blend for 3 minutes
-let incubate for 1h
-filter solids out

The mushrooms were cubensis, which I’d expect to produce a lower quantity of the enzymes mentioned in the paper (they studied a lot of wood eating gourmet species) but should still be significant and useful in my soil (last soil test came back at 37% organic matter). Seeing as the substrate used was coir/vermiculite/gypsum I expect there to still be a fair amount of enzymes related to breaking down of woody, cellulosic material.

I still plan to top dress with the solids/substrate as I think getting carbon into the system is always a good thing, but I’m hoping that by extracting the enzymes into water it will allow them to penetrate deeper into the soil and start unlocking more nutrition by being in contact with more organic matter in the soil.

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A few pics. Gotta admit, cutting the substrate was really fun. Like cutting a slice of birthday cake :laughing: If I were to do this again, I’d use cheesecloth for the filter step, and I’d use a higher water:cake ratio. It was a hassle to filter. It was pretty close to 1:2 cake:water and I’d probably double the water next time, at a minimum.

I diluted it 3:1 and applied to the soil.

I did the cone & fans settings to really coat the mulch layer and let whatever else got through percolate into the soil. The breakdown of the mulch will provide a decent barometer for how effective this is. The Caribbean Crashers are wrapping up week 3 of flower in a few days. :smiley:

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Thoughts

I love getting real stoned and daydreaming about the soil. I know, wtf is wrong with you, right? But it’s fun to me.

This project has me very excited for a number of reasons and I want to take a second to jot some of them here.

Fungal dominance. One of the major ways organisms improve and age the soil is by the contribution of enzymes to the soil. Many of these likely degrade via proteases, also contained in the soil, but many become bound in the soil matrix. Although they may lose much of their efficiency by being bound, even retaining 5% of their capacity to catalyze reactions would be enormous, over time. What is lost in efficiency is gained in stability, making these sensitive molecules more resistant to heat, pH, and oxidative stressors. This means that although the organisms which make enzymes may die, the enzymes they make may persist long past their death. As these enzymes accumulate over many life cycles, the soil itself becomes enzymatic in nature, with the ability to degrade organic material.

Which brings me back to the idea of fungal dominance. The reason I believe fungal dominance is so important, and why it contributes to the growth of enormously sized trees in a way that bacteria simply can’t keep up with by themselves, is that it supplies adequate carbon release in the soil which gives the soil the ability to support higher populations of microbes which translates to a faster soil economy aka nutrient cycling.

Carbon exchange between organisms is, in a sense, a measure of how much nutrient is available in the system. Every time carbon is exchanged between organisms, there seems to be some net release of other nutrients, whether it be nitrogen or otherwise. It would seem that raising the rate that carbon is released from organic material would permit larger overall microbe populations which in turn increases the rate of release of nutrients.

I want to point out, this doesn’t mean that you would run a soil test and see some insanely high saturated paste test result. I think that’s where my thinking has been fucked up for a while. The soluble nutrient pool is fine to look at, but it’s a snapshot. I think in a well balanced, but highly biologically active soil system, I would expect to see a surprisingly slim looking nutrient pool at any given moment. The very high populations of microbes would immobilize the vast majority of the nutrient in the soil, but because the populations are so high and churning so quickly, there’s a constant release of nutrient in plant available form.

So why not just feed carbon? My theory here, is that it’s the steady release of carbon into the system that helps to fuel the microbial fire. And while molasses is fine, it isn’t nearly as complex a carbon source as what would arise from the enzymatic breakdown of carbonaceous material. There are many, many enzymes which break woody material down into many different smaller fragments, and in nature, diversity is king. Plants also contribute with exudates, which is also a complex and diverse group of carbon-based foods for microbes, but the breakdown of dense carbon material acts as a steady supply of energy for all life in the soil. So while adding carbon is important, it’s using the best form and increasing the rate of carbon release which allows for fast enough nutrient cycling to support more robust vegetation. I believe this is why people often see the application of mulch compounding its beneficial effects year over year. It seems to also be reflected by the work of Dr Ingham who has set population parameters as a way of measuring soil health for various soil organisms. These population sizes indirectly reflect the speed which nutrients change forms, and how much carbon is being released into the system from all sources. Higher speed means that over time, nutrients will spend more time in a form that plants can utilize even if those nutrients are quickly immobilized by microbes. That is to say, regardless of the mineralized nutrient pool at any given moment, plants will always have access to mineralized nutrient due to the speedy rate of nutrient exchange in the soil.

Just some stoned thoughts, and I’m constantly making mountain sized assumptions, but why not.

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Just chuck some kitchenscraps in there bro.
Mixed together with bits of the spent substrate.

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Hehe that’s definitely another way I’ll be using the spent substrate. The worms love eating the mycelium and it will definitely help break down any amendments I top dress. But for this, I want less of the dry material and more of the water solubles produced during colonization by the cubensis. I have some ideas about wetting some sawdust down with this type of extraction and using that as a top dress as well. I think mixed with some scraps and basically anything with protein it would generate an enormous boost to the amount of life the soil could support.

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That is expanded by the diversity of the seeds you sow, and the diversity of the input, that’s why I’m such a fan of companion crops and kitchenscraps.

You don’t need to extract enzymes and add it to the soil, simply sow more seeds and the soil improves. That’s basically all there is to it.

It seems to me that every plant species has a species of fungi that supports it, and by sowing a wide diversity of plants you activate a wider diversity of fungi which provide all the enzymes needed.

It all sorts itself out, the soil, which created and sustains us, wants us to chill out and do less.
It makes everything so easy for us, if only we let it.

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Im wondering if adding a bit of vinegar would help extract the enzymes, or suppress the enzymes.

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That is true, none of this was required. But on the other hand, I am a curious person and have a resource on hand I can use to learn more about the soil. It’s definitely not for everyone and I wouldn’t tell anyone to grow like I grow, even if I thought it was the bees knees. I just want to share what I’m up to, and what kind of bud it makes. Proof’s in the pudding as they say, and if I create problems, I’m not going to hide them, even if it was as embarrassing as my mountain of gypsum misstep last round. And after this round, I can’t wait to get back to growing a jungle of as much diversity as I can fit in this damn 2x2!

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This is some very resourceful re-processing. I like your thinking.
I’m happy to follow along for this one!
:+1:

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I think things are looking pretty dece :ok_hand:t5: I am seeing some tip burn here and there but overall pretty healthy growth. These plants put on a pretty steady and continuous stretch… if these tops fill out, I’m gonna have a lot of smoke :laughing:

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