I think a split system is more energy efficient. Central air at its most basic will have an AHU with a DX coil inside running to a remote condenser. Individual room control is done with VAV/Fan powered boxes with either a reheat coils or both a reheat coils and chilled water coil. Never see this in houses. Usually a motorized damper tied to a rooms thermostat. Sometimes not even that and the whole house is one zone.
A split system will have head units in each room all tied to a shared condensing unit that has an inverter on it to vary the load. So if one room requires 70F and another 80F and each room is 75F only the room thats 70F would require cooling. So the compressor will only run at the capacity needed to cool that room.
For a grow room you will have much different heating and cooling loads than the rest of your house. This is where split systems shine.
Can also make it easier to run a sealed room if thats your thing.