Not extinct. @misterbee got me oneđ
Shop â Hoku Seed Co.
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I could believe that. Weâll need better relations with China before a full picture can be made imo. Not enough access atm.
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I was going to say not extinct too. In the early 90âs sheriffs departments in southern Oklahoma used to stage triumph celebrations every summer when farmers would call them to come destroy stands of feral hemp that followed the washes. 15ft mounds of male hemp doused with diesel danced around by deputies. Talk about virtue signaling. LOL
I actually attended these festivities as a news videographer so this is not anecdotal. There were a very few females around, which the leoâs did not recognize as cannabis. I remember shooting vid of the grand poobah walking obliviously back and forth by this budded out female barking orders. Good times!
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zamalito a respected breeder thought the american Hemp strains stemmed from Turkish. but he dindnt really explain why he thinks that.
I also heard Chinese was source of many hemp cultivars- many times.
Now i understand why i liked the old Hemp Pictures so much someone showed lately.
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In the late 1800âs here in the states it was used (pure) but only briefly and in a couple places like Kentucky and in limited fashion, my area.
Todayâs hemp is part European, part Chinese I THINKâŠno time atm to confirm⊠anyone?
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I found a wild( hemp?) plant near N Blenheim along rt 30 growing under the guardrail into the road. I spotted it going 60 mph, lol. I told my employee at the time to get out and grab it. He yanked it out hard, getting very little roots in the process. Jackass. It died. I didnât consider a cutting at the time. It had light purple buds and no high, though it died immature.
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@Upstate this is excerpted from that 1995 Mejier/Hortapharm paper I uploaded above:
Origin, breeding history, registration and availability
The cultivars below are presented by country. Each current cultivar name, unlike those of its ancestors, is printed once in boldface. The sexual type (monoecious, dioecious, unisexual), being a trait closely linked to breeding strategy, is usually given. Other agronomic characteristics are treated in the next section. It should be realized that the preservation of any desired agronomic trait in hemp cultivars, especially the monoecious character, requires continuous selection during seed multiplication.
French cultivars
Cultivars from France are bred and commercialized by the Fédération Nationale des Producteurs de Chanvre (FNPC), 20, rue Paul Ligneul, F-72000, Le Mans, France; Fax: +33 4377 0916. French cultivars are monoecious. In France they are grown for pulp. Their cultivation within the EU is eligible for the subsidy on fibre crops. Current breeding in France is mainly aimed at maintenance of the present cultivars (conservative breeding) and at further reduction of their THC content. Seed for sowing is readily available in two qualities. Crops grown from first quality seed (elite seed) consist almost exclusively of monoecious plants. Those from second quality seed (harvested from free-pollinated crops raised from elite seed) comprise, due to natural genetic drift, 15 to 30% males as well as a substantial amount of true-female plants. In 1995 prices were 19.30 FF/kg (ca US$ 4.00) for first quality seeds and 14.80 FF/kg (ca US$ 3.00) for second class seed. Within France, for FNCP members, seed is cheaper (O. Beherec, pers. comm., 1995).
All French cultivars are either selected directly from 'Fibrimon' (truly-monoecious cultivars), or from cross-progenies of 'Fibrimon' and several dioecious exotic fibre strains (pseudo-monoecious cvs.). 'Fibrimon' is a monoecious cross-bred cultivar with high fibre content. It was bred at the German Max-Planck-Institut Hamburg-Volksdorf by von Sengbusch between 1951 and 1955 (Bredemann et al., 1961). The parental populations were: inbred material obtained from monoecious plants spontaneously occurring in 'HavellÀndische' or 'Schurigs' hemp which was again a selection from Central-Russian origin (Hoffmann, 1961); dioecious selections with very high fibre content from Germany (also retained from Central-Russian populations) and dioecious late-flowering landraces from Italy and Turkey. 'Fibrimon' was transferred to France, among other countries, in the late 1950s. The crossing of selected exotic populations with 'Fibrimon' was carried out in the 1960s.
Most details on the breeding of French cvs. are based on J.P. Mathieu (pers. comm., 1992). The current cultivars 'Fibrimon 21', 'Fibrimon 24' and 'Fibrimon 56', were selected directly from 'Fibrimon' for diverging dates of maturity. 'FĂ©rimon 12' is an early maturing selection from 'Fibrimon 21', especially intended for seed production. The higher the numbers added to the names of French cultivars, the later they are supposed to flower and mature.
'FĂ©dora 19' is the result of a cross between female plants of the Russian dioecious cv. JUS 9 and monoecious individuals from 'Fibrimon 21', followed by back-crossing of the unisexual female F1 with 'Fibrimon 21' intersex plants. The parent 'JUS 9' is an offspring from a crossing between 'Yuzhnaya Krasnodarskaya' (originally selected from Italian hemp) and dwarf northern Russian hemp.
Likewise, 'FĂ©lina 34' results from a cross between the dioecious parent 'Kompolti', and 'Fibrimon 24', followed by back-crossing with 'Fibrimon 24'.
'FĂ©drina 74' and 'Futura 77' both result from a cross between the dioecious parent 'Fibridia' and 'Fibrimon 24' followed by back-crossing with 'Fibrimon 24'. 'Fibridia' is described by Bredemann et al. (1961). It originates from the same German program as 'Fibrimon' and has the same ancestors, except the monoecious 'Schurigs' inbreds.
A new completely THC-free cultivar, with name and pedigree unknown to the author has been registered in 1995 (O. Beherec, pers. comm., 1995).
Hungarian cultivars
Present Hungarian fibre hemp cultivars originate from the GATE-"Rudolf Fleischmann" Agricultural Research Institute, H-3356 Kompolt (Heves), Hungary; Fax: +36 36 489 000. Current activities at GATE with respect to fibre hemp are mainly restricted to maintenance of the existing cultivars. However, in the context of an agreement with HempFlax b.v. (Netherlands), creative breeding has been resumed to create an early maturing dioecious cultivar for Western-Europe. Hungarian cultivars are generally dioecious and used for production of rope and technical fabrics. Seeds from the cultivars listed below, except 'Kompolti SĂĄrgĂĄszarĂș', are readily commercially available from the company Fibroseed (which can be reached through the GATE institute). Recent (1995) prices were ca US$ 3.50/kg.
Details on the breeding of Hungarian cvs. are based on I. BĂłcsa (pers. comm., 1995) and BĂłcsa (1995). 'Kompolti' has been selected for high fibre content from 'Fleischmann hemp' or 'F-hemp' which is from Italian origin. It was registered in 1954. To make it eligible for EU subsidy it was submitted in 1995 for registration in the Netherlands, by Hemcore Ltd., as well as in Austria, by Raiffaisen Waren Austria (RWA).
The chlorophyll-deficient yellow-stemmed 'Kompolti SĂĄrgaszĂĄrĂș' was registered in 1974, but is however not currently cultivated. It was obtained from a cross between a spontaneous yellow-stemmed mutant from Germany (Helle Stengel-Hoffmann, found in the offspring of a cross between Finnish early and Italian late hemp) and 'Kompolti', which was repeatedly back-crossed with 'Kompolti' (BĂłcsa, 1969). Small seed quantities of 'Kompolti SĂĄrgaszĂĄrĂș' are available for research purposes.
Hungary is the only country where heterosis breeding of hemp became implemented. This resulted in several F1 hybrid cultivars. A single cross hybrid cultivar is 'Uniko-B' (registered in 1969). It is a hybrid progeny of ('Kompolti' x 'Fibrimon 21') where the monoecious 'Fibrimon 21' acts as pollen spender. The F1 , being almost unisexual female, is used to produce an F2 , containing ca 30% males, which is cultivated for fibre. 'Uniko-B' was recently submitted for registration in Austria by RWA.
'Kompolti Hybrid TC' (registered in 1983) is a three-way-cross hybrid in which two selections from Chinese origin, 'Kinai KĂ©tlaki' (dioecious) and 'Kinai Egylaki' (monoecious), and 'Kompolti' are combined. The first step of the crossing ('Kinai dioecious' x 'Kinai monoecious'), where the monoecious parent acts as pollen spender, gives a unisexual, almost pure female F1 , called 'Kinai Uniszex'. This unisexual progeny can be considered as an analogue for male sterile breeding lines. It is subsequently used as female parent in the crossing ('Kinai Uniszex' x 'Kompolti') which produces the commercial three-way-cross hybrid 'Kompolti Hybrid TC', which has again a 50/50 sex ratio.
'Fibriko' (registered 1989) is the most recent Hungarian hybrid. It results from a three-way cross for which 'Kinai dioecious' and 'Kinai monoecious' are first crossed to produce the unisexual female progeny 'Kinai Uniszex', which is subsequently crossed with the yellow-stemmed pollen spender 'Kompolti SĂĄrgaszĂĄrĂș'. However, 'Fibriko' is not yellow-stemmed, as the normal green stem (from 'Kinai Uniszex') dominates over yellow.
Polish cultivars
The Institute of Natural Fibres (INF), Wojska Polskiego 71B, 60-630 Poznan, Poland; Fax: +4861 417 830, is responsible for the breeding and supply of sowing material of Polish hemp. The current Polish cultivars 'Bialobrzeskie' and 'Beniko' are monoecious. They are mainly intended for production of cordage, military fabrics, blended yarns (hemp with wool and cotton), fibre board and technical oil products. Seeds of both 'Bialobrzeskie' and 'Beniko' are readily available, recently (1995) charged prices by INF were US$ 3.00/kg.
Creative hemp breeding has continued at INF and recently resulted in monoecious cultivars with the tentative names 'W-1', 'Dolnoslaskie' and 'D/83' (R. Kozlowski, pers. comm., 1995). The author is not familiar with the ancestry of these potential cultivars. They are low in THC and have better (finer) fibre quality for textiles than 'Bialobrzeskie' and 'Beniko'. 'W-1' and 'Dolnoslaskie' have been submitted to national registration tests but now seem to have been withdrawn again, and 'D-83' is still in the breeding process.
Details on the breeding of Polish cvs. are based on B. Jaranowska (pers. comm. 1992). 'Bialobrzeskie', registered in 1968, is the result of a multiple crossing of dioecious and monoecious strains: ((('LKCSD' x 'Kompolti') x 'Bredemann 18') x 'Fibrimon 24'), followed by long term plant selection for fibre content. The dioecious parent 'LKCSD' was selected from 'HavellÀndische' or 'Schurigs' hemp from Central-Russian origin. The dioecious 'Bredemann 18' is a selection from Germany (originally also Central Russian) and is very rich in fibre. 'Bialobrzeskie' is submitted for registration in Austria by Saatbau Linz (I. Bócsa, pers. comm., 1995).
The most recent cultivar Beniko is a progeny, obtained by individual selection, from the crossing ('Fibrimon 24' x 'Fibrimon 21'). It was registered in Poland in 1985. To make it eligible for EU subsidy, 'Beniko' was submitted for registration in 1995 in the Netherlands by HempFlax B.V., as well as in Austria by Saatbau Linz (I. BĂłcsa, pers. comm., 1995).
Romanian cultivars
The current Romanian hemp cultivars originate from three different breeding institutes. At least the Agricultural Research Station in Secuieni is still involved in creative hemp breeding. Romania produces hemp fabrics and yarns in fine qualities.
'Fibramulta 151' originates from the Research Institute of Crops and Industry Plants in Fundulea and was registered in 1965. It is a dioecious selection from the single cross ('ICAR 42-118' x 'Fibridia'). The parent 'ICAR 42-118' is a cross progeny of Italian ('Carmagnola' and Bologna hemp) and Turkish ('Kastamonu') strains (Hoffmann, 1961). Details on the availability of seed are not known.
The dioecious 'Lovrin 110' originates from the Agricultural Research Station, Lovrin, Jud. Timisoara. It was registered in 1981, as a replacement for 'Fibramulta 151'. It was bred by selection among family groups from the Bulgarian Silistra landrace ('Silistrenski'). Details on its availability are unknown.
The monoecious 'Secuieni 1' originates from the Agricultural Research Station, Secuieni (Neamt county) and is presently commercialized by Rohemp S.A., Str. Limpejoarci nr. 8 sector 1, Bucharest, Romania; Fax: +40 1 210 1261. Rohemp is represented in Austria by J. Hofer, Tendlergasse 12/003, A-1090 Wien; Phone/Fax: +43 222 4036039. It was state registered in 1984. To make it eligible for EU subsidy it was submitted for registration in 1995 in the Netherlands by Hemcore Ltd., as well as in Austria by Rohemp S.A. 'Secuieni 1' results from the crossing ('Dneprovskaya 4' x 'Fibrimon') followed by two back-crosses with 'Fibrimon 21' and 'Fibrimon 24', respectively. The Russian dioecious parent 'Dneprovskaya 4' was selected from 'Yuzhnaya Krasnodarskaya' which, again, was obtained from Italian hemp.
Besides 'Secuieni 1', the recently released cv. Irene is also commercially available through Rohemp and was submitted by this company for registration in Austria in 1995. The breeding history of this cv. is unknown to the author.
In 1995, Rohemp charged 5 DM/kg (ca US$ 3.50) for the seed of both 'Secuieni 1' and 'Irene'.
Cultivars from the former USSR
Eight cultivars are presently cultivated in the central and southern parts of the Ukraine and Russia. They are used for the production of shipping cordage, ropes, core for steel cables, twines and, technical fabrics. Hemp cultivars in the former USSR are classified into maturity groups or geographical types. Current cultivars belong either to the southern, late maturing group, bred at the Agricultural Research Institute of Krasnodar or to a group of hybrid progenies from central and southern hemp. Cultivars of the latter group are intended for cultivation at higher latitudes than to which they are ecologically adapted. They were generally bred at, and are commercialized by the (former) Federal Research Institute of Fibre Plants, today called: Ukrainian Institute of Bast Crops, Lenina street 45, 245130 Sumy Region, Glukhov, Ukraine; Fax: +380 54 4422643. At least two of the latter group of cultivars, USO-11 and USO-13, are also commercially available through the Krasnohirska company, located near Zolotonosha, Ukraine; Fax + 380 472 450808. Recently (1995) charged prices by Krasnohirska were US$ 2/kg.
Data on the ancestries of former USSR cvs. are partly based on unpublished notes of K. Hillig (Indiana University). The dioecious southern type cultivar Kuban was registered in 1984. It was obtained by ten cycles of family group selection in the hybrid progeny from ('Szegedi 9' x 'Krasnodarskaya 56'). The breeding parent 'Szegedi 9' was selected in Hungary from the TiborszĂĄllĂĄsi landrace. 'Krasnodarskaya 56' is probably a selected cross progeny from local Caucasian and Italian strains (Hoffmann, 1961).
The dioecious southern cv. Zenica (synonym 'Shenitsa') was registered in 1990. The ancestry is unknown to the author.
The monoecious southern cv. Dneprovskaya Odnodomnaya 6 is obtained by family group selection in the progeny from ('Szegedi 9' x 'Fibrimon 56'). It was registered in 1980.
The remaining current cultivars have a southern phenological pattern but are cultivated at higher latitudes. They are all monoecious. Their names generally provide specifications with respect to ecotype (yuzhnaya = southern) and the monoecious character (odnodomnaya). Identical cultivar names, only differing in the added numbers, do not necessarily indicate common ancestry.
'Zolotonoshskaya Yuzhnosozrevayushchaya Odnodomnaya 11' (synonyms: 'Zolotonoshskaja 11' and 'Zolotonosha 11'; abbreviated 'USO-11' or 'YUSO-11') was registered in 1984. Parental populations used for the breeding of this cultivar are 'Dneprovskaya 4', 'YUSO-21' and 'Dneprovskaya Odnodomnaya 6' (N.M. Orlov, pers. comm. via J. Masura, 1995). The dioecious parent 'Dneprovskaya 4' was selected from 'Yuzhnaya Krasnodarskaya' which again was obtained from Italian hemp. The ancestry of parent 'YUSO-21' is not known.
'Zolotonoshskaya 13' (synonym: 'Zolotonosha 13'; abbreviated 'USO-13' or 'YUSO-13') was registered in 1986. It is a selected progeny from ('YUSO-16' x 'Dneprovskaya Odnodomnaya 6') (Orlov et al., 1987). 'USO-13' is submitted for registration in Austria, probably by Saatbau Linz (I. BĂłcsa, pers. comm., 1995).
'Yuzhnosozrevayushchaya Odnodomnaya 14' (abbreviated: 'YUSO-14' or 'JSO-14') was registered in 1980. It is a further selection from 'YUSO-1', which again is a cross progeny from ('JUS-6' x 'Odnodomnaya Bernburga'). The dioecious parent 'JUS-6' was selected from ('Yuzhnaya Krasnodarskaya' x 'dwarf Northern Russian hemp'). 'Yuzhnaya Krasnodarskaya' is originally selected from Italian hemp. 'Odnodomnaja Bernburga' is a monoecious cultivar which was originally produced in Germany in the 1940s at the Akademie der Landwirtschaftwissenschaften in Bernburg under the name 'Bernburger einhÀusigen' (Hoffmann, 1961).
'YUSO-16' or 'JSO-16' was registered in 1980, it is selected from the French cv. Fibrimon 56.
'YUSO-31' or 'JSO-31' was registered in 1987. It was selected from the crossing ('Glukhovskaja 10' x 'YUSO-1'). The parental population 'Glukhovskaja 10' is a selection from the central Ukrainian Novgorod-Seversk landrace. The ancestry of 'YUSO-1' is described above under 'YUSO-14'.
Apart from the previous cultivars, the landrace 'Ermakovskaya Mestnaya' seems to be cultivated at a significant scale in Siberia. It belongs to the Central-Russian maturity group. It is not clear whether it really is a landrace in the strict sense that it is maintained only through mass-selection by local farmers, but its fibre content is indeed low (BĂłcsa, pers. comm., 1995).
Creative hemp breeding is still continued in the Ukraine and Russia. For example the cv. Zolotonosha 15 ('USO-15') was developed this year by family group selection among the cross-progeny from ('USO-11 x 'USO-13') (J. Masura, pers. comm., 1995).
Italian cultivars
The EU list of cultivars of agricultural crops includes three Italian hemp cultivars: 'Carmagnola', 'CS' and 'Fibranova' which are commercially represented by the Istituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali, Via di Corticella 133, 40129 Bologna; Fax: +39 51 374857. These cultivars have been practically unavailable for a few decades. Recently the Instituto Sperimentale per le Colture Industriali has started to multiply again âCarmagnolaâ and âFibranovaâ (G. Grassi, pers. comm., 1995). Legal obstacles, however, seem to obstruct the commercial distribution of seed. So far, small samples of these cultivars are available for research purposes only. Two additional Italian cvs., 'Eletta Campana' and 'Superfibra', are listed by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) on the schemes for the varietal certification of seed moving in international trade. They are said to be distributed by the Istituto di Agronomia Generale e Coltivazione Erbacee Universita degli Studi, 80055 Porticci-Napoli, but they are not really available. The general unavailability of Italian cultivars is probably due to legal reasons. Hemp cultivation is prohibited in Italy as long as there isn't a cultivar with a morphological marker which is genetically linked to low THC-content (pers. comm., Ranalli, 1994, via I. BĂłcsa). A research program aiming at such a solution seems to have been activated in 1994 (G. Grassi, pers. comm., 1995).
'Carmagnola' is a Northern Italian landrace (Allavena, 1967). 'CS' or 'Carmagnola Selezionata' is dioecious and selected in the early 1960s from 'Carmagnola' (Allavena, 1967).
'Fibranova' is a dioecious cultivar, selected in the 1950s from the progeny of âBredemann Elettaâ x âCarmagnolaâ (Allavena, 1961). The parent âBredemann Elettaâ (or âBredemann Eliteâ) which was received from the German Max-Planck-Institut, is one of Bredemannâs high fibre selections obtained from Northern and/or Central Russian hemp strains, as were used in the breeding of âFibrimonâ and âBialobrzeskieâ.
'Eletta Campana' (dioecious) resulted from a cross between the Carmagnola landrace and high fibre strains from German origin, most likely 'Fibridia' or again one of the Bredemann selections.
No information was found on the pedigree of 'Superfibra'.
Cultivars from ex-Yugoslavia
Seven dioecious hemp cultivars were registered in the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Among them were five of foreign origin: âKompoltiâ, âKompolti SĂĄrgaszĂĄrĂșâ, âKompolti Hybrid TCâ and âUniko Bâ (Hungarian), and âFibranovaâ (Italian) which are treated elsewhere in this article. Two registered domestic cultivars were âFlajsmanovaâ and âNovosadska konopljaâ (J. Spanring, pers, comm., 1995).
Presently hemp production is organized mostly in the present Yugoslavia (Serbia). Also in Croatia there may be some cultivation, the other republics have no significant hemp production. The crop is mainly grown for textile production. In the last decade, for this purpose, the imported hybrids âKompolti Hybrid TCâ and âUniko Bâ were used. Until 5 to 10 years ago the improved cultivar Fibranova especially was used for small scale birdseed production (J. Berenji, pers. comm., 1995).
In the present Yugoslavia there is a tendency to replace gradually the imported cultivars by domestic ones. âNovosadska konopljaâ is the only available registered domestic cultivar. Large scale seed production has been resumed in 1995. The yield of certified seed is intended to cover 40% of the textile hemp area (1,000 ha) which is planned for 1996. Breeding activities at the Institute of Field Crops and Vegetables (Novi Sad) are aimed at new domestic cultivars for the future (J. Berenji, pers. comm., 1995).
âNovosadska konopljaâ is an improved selection from âFlajsmanovaâ which is the same as âFleischmann hempâ (from Italian origin, see under Hungarian cultivars). It was bred in the 1950s, but included in the former Federal cultivar register only since 1989. âNovosadska konopljaâ is maintained and commercialized by Dr. Berenji, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, 21470 Backi Petrovac, Yugoslavia; Fax: +381 21 780 198. Seed prices charged to the (almost) single customer, the domestic hemp industry who distributes to contracted farmers, are 3.5-3.7 DM/kg (ca US $2.50/kg). Small amounts of seed are sold to individual farmers at 4-5 DM/kg (ca US $ 2.80-3.50) for birdseed production (only 1-2% of the total hemp area).
In Slovenia the seven cultivars from the Federal register are proposed for registration in 1996. Some selections from indigenous landraces are presently under study at the Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana (Slovenia). They were selected for seed as well as fibre production and received tentative names as âRudnikâ and âPesnicaâ. Some of these materials may be released as cultivars in the future (J. Spanring, pers. comm., 1995).
Spanish cultivars
The EU hemp cultivar list includes 'Delta-405' and 'Delta-Llosa' from Spain. Breeder and owner is the specialty pulp manufacturer Celulosa de Levante SA, C/Tuset 8-10, 08006 Barcelona, Spain; Fax: +34 93 2906126. 'Delta-405' and 'Delta Llosa' have been grown for pulp production by Celulosa de Levante until 1992, nowadays they use French cultivars for this purpose (R. Ripol, pers. comm., 1995). References on the two Spanish cultivars could not be traced. In spite of enquiries addressed to 'Celulosa' the breeding histories have not been elucidated. Evidently, 'Delta-405' and 'Delta Llosa' are not commercially available.
Former Czechoslovakian cultivars
The OECD schemes for the varietal certification of seed moving in international trade include the former Czechoslovakian cultivar Rastslaviska (synonym 'Rastislavicke'). It is said to be represented by Slovosivo, Zahradnicka 21, 881 26 Bratislava, (the present) Slovakia. References to this cultivar were not found. According to BĂłcsa however (pers. comm., 1995) it is (was) rather a landrace (of southern European type) than a cultivar. The former Czechoslovakia has never had its own hemp breeding. Until 1980 Hungarian cultivars were grown. Seed of 'Rastslaviska' is unavailable.
Future German cultivars
At the end of 1995 a newly bred early-maturing German monoecious fibre and seed cultivar, called 'Fasamo', was submitted to the Bundessortenamt in Hannover for research aimed at registration and admittance in Germany (L. Loch, pers. comm., 1995). The 40 years of breeding work was the private enterprise of Dr. Lothar Loch, Berlin. The commercial representative will be Norddeutsche PflanzenzĂŒcht Hans-Georg Lembke KG, Hohenlieth, 24363 Holtsee, Germany. 'Fasamo' was obtained from a cross-progeny of 'Schurigs' hemp and 'Bernburger einhĂ€usigen', monoecious hemp bred in Bernburg in the 1940s (Hoffman 1961).
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Wow, they say there are no coincidences! Iâm writing in a group DM about some (possible) landrace seeds that I just procured from Arunothai in Northern Thailand on the Burma border. While Iâm weighing out seeds,
Iâm in a discussion with the person who procured these seeds for me and just hand-carried them to me. He points out that,
âWhile Arunothai is in Thailand next to the Shan State, the people there came from Yunnan in the last 3 generationsâŠmight well be a Yunnan landrace!â 
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Iâm impressed he could pull it out of the ground at all. lol
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Hereâs a few more recent studies on origins of cannabis for yâall:
â Cannabis in Asia: its center of origin and early cultivation, based on a synthesis of subfossil pollen and archaeobotanical studies
JOHN M. MCPARTLAND1,2*, WILLIAM HEGMAN3 , AND TENGWEN LONG4
1 University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
2 GW Pharmaceuticals, Sovereign House, Histon, Cambridge, CB24 9BZ, UK
3 Department of Geography, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont, 05753, USA
4 School of Geographical Sciences, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
*corresponding author, telephone 802-388-8304, e-mail: mcpruitt@myfairpoint.net
Abstract
Biogeographers assign the center of origin of Cannabis to âCentral Asia,â mostly based on wild- type plant distribution data. We sought greater precision by adding new data: 155 fossil pollen studies (FPSs) in Asia. Many FPSs assign pollen of Cannabis or Humulus (C-H) to collective names (e.g., Cannabis/Humulus or Cannabaceae). To dissect these aggregate data, we used ecological proxies. C-H pollen in a steppe assemblage (with Poaceae, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae) was identified as wild-type Cannabis. C-H pollen in a forest assemblage (Alnus, Salix, Quercus, Betula, Robinia, Juglans) was identified as Humulus. C-H pollen curves that upsurged alongside crop pollen were identified as cultivated hemp. Subfossil seeds (achenes) at archaeological sites also served as evidence of cultivation. FPSs and archaeological sites were mapped using geographic information system (GIS) software. The oldest C-H pollen consistent with C. sativa dated to 19.6 million years ago (mya), in northwestern China. However, Cannabis and Humulus diverged 27.8 mya, based on molecular clock analysis. We bridged the temporal gap between the divergence date and the oldest pollen by mapping the earliest appearance of Artemisia. These data converge on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which we deduce as the C. sativa center of origin. This co-localizes with the first steppe community that evolved in Asia. From there, Cannabis first dispersed west (Europe by 6 mya) then east (eastern China by 1.2 mya). Cannabis pollen in South Asia appeared by 32.6 kya. The earliest Cannabis seeds were found in Japan, 10,000 BCE, followed by China.â
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thanks to your post i found an old Italian Hemp Cultivar
with up to 15 percent CBD . Aviable, lol
Quiet cool locking Carmagnola
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You too?!! I did my time as well my man back in Houston in the early 2000âs.
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â Biotypes of Cannabis in China
The complicated taxonomic history of cannabis has been previously summarized in numerous publications (Schultes et al., 1974; Small and Cronquist, 1976; Hillig and Mahlberg, 2004). Cannabis is often described as a monotypic genus with wide morphological and chemical variation, and the Flora of China and the Chinese Pharmacopeia adopt the monotypic classification of Chinese cannabis as Cannabis sativa L. (Chen and Gilbert, 2006; CP, 2015). By contrast, many of the Chinese publications that have investigated historical questions related to the speciation of cannabis in Chinese medicine across different dynastic periods have adopted a polytypic approach to nomenclature that primarily differentiates the genus into two species based on chemotype, with varieties focused on fiber and seed production described as C. sativa L. and drug varieties described as C. indicaLamarck (Liu and Shang, 1992; Liu, 1999).
Cannabis is a classic example of taxonomic debates related to âlumping vs. splittingâ (i.e., whether the genus should be considered as monotypic or polytypic) as well as morphological vs. chemotype distinctions. Advances in DNA research have added further complexity to the picture, and terms such as âbroad leaflet hempâ (BLH) vs. âbroad leaflet drugâ (BLD) and ânarrow leaflet hempâ (NLH) vs. ânarrow leaflet drugâ (NLD) have recently been used to describe cannabis varieties based on a combination of morphology and chemotype (Piluzza et al., 2013).
The complex debate about cannabis taxonomy initially developed after Lamarck proposed the name C. indica in 1785 to describe psychoactive Indian cannabis in contradistinction to Linnaeusâ description of non-psychoactive European hemp (Hillig and Mahlberg, 2004), which was regarded as C. sativa L. While Lamarckâs original type specimen of C. indica reflected a narrow leaflet drug (NLD) variety, Schultes later applied the name C. indica to refer to broad leaflet drug (BLD) varieties from Afghanistan that shared the characteristic of psychoactivity but differed in morphology (Clarke and Merlin, 2013). In contrast to European hemp, which is considered as representative of a narrow leaflet hemp biotype (NLH), most landraces of Chinese cannabis are characterized as a broad leaflet hemp (BLH) biotype. (Russo et al., 2008) (see Figure 2). Chinese hemp has strong fiber and is generally not psychoactive, but DNA and chemotype distinctions suggest that Chinese hemp is more closely linked genetically to C. sativa subsp. indica [ = C. indica Lamarck] than to European hemp (C. sativa subs. sativa [ = C. sativa L.]) (Hillig and Mahlberg, 2004; Hillig, 2005). Accordingly, Chinese hemp expresses the BT alleles necessary for the biosynthesis of THC more prominently than European hemp, even though long-term selection for fiber has led Chinese hemp to produce only low levels of THC (Clarke and Merlin, 2013). This suggests that drug and fiber biotypes of cannabis in China may have shared a common ancestor and diverged through human selection, but the precise timeline of fiber hempâs increasing dominance in the Chinese gene pool remains unclear.
figure 2
FIGURE 2. BROAD-LEAFLET HEMP IN GUANGXI PROVINCE, CHINA.
Recent archeological evidence from a 2700 year old tomb discovered in the Yanghai region of Chinaâs Xinjiang province suggests that drug biotypes of cannabis were known to the ancient inhabitants of the region (Jiang et al., 2006), and genetic testing has shown that the 2700 year old cannabis specimens from the tomb maintain some similarities to feral cannabis that remains in the surrounding region today (Mukherjee et al., 2008). However, the Yanghai tomb housed a body of Caucasian ancestry (Russo et al., 2008), and the region was located well outside of the boundary of early Chinese cultural influence. In more central Chinese regions, archeological artifacts provide abundant evidence of hemp fiber but little evidence of drug cannabis, suggesting that the historical divergence of fiber and drug biotypes occurred early in Chinese history (Clarke and Merlin, 2013).
Today, cannabis landraces throughout most regions of China reflect fiber biotypes, and some provincial standards have followed international trends by defining fiber biotypes for cultivation as varieties containing <0.3% Î9-THC by weight (Lu et al., 2007). In modern China, intermediate and drug biotypes have primarily been reported in isolated regions in the northwest province of Xinjiang and the southwest province of Yunnan (Zhan et al., 1994; Hu et al., 2015) (see Figure 3). Drug use of cannabis in Xinjiang province was recorded along the Silk Road from the Qing Dynasty (1644â1911 AD) to the twentieth century, and was described in a report by the Russian explorer Shoqan Walikhanov in 1858 (Ali et al., 2004; Zhou, 2015); however, there is little evidence outside of bencao literature that suggests that drug cannabis was known or used in other parts of ancient China. Furthermore, according to texts that focus on the history of drug prohibition in China, there is little evidence that cannabis was either abused or prohibited in China prior to the first documented seizures of imported cannabis products in Xinjiang in 1936 (Ali et al., 2004; Qi and Hu, 2004). This stands in notable contrast to other drugs that have a well-documented history of regulation, medical use, abuse, and prohibition in China, such as opium and deliriant drugs derived from tropane alkaloid-containing plants such as henbane (Hyoscyamus niger L.) and datura (Datura spp.; Li, 1999; Qi and Hu, 2004).
figure 3
FIGURE 3. FERAL CANNABIS IN YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA.
On the whole, the abundance of references to hemp and the paucity of references to drug cannabis in early Chinese history suggest that fiber and drug varieties had diverged by ancient times. As cannabis is wind-pollinated and its biotype distinctions are genetically determined, the long-term and abundant cultivation of fiber-rich biotypes in China likely supplanted or diluted any drug biotypes that were once present. However, the timeline of this process has been poorly elucidated, and bencao literature suggests that drug effects of cannabis were recognized in Chinese medicine from ancient times up through Ming dynasty texts written in the sixteenth century AD. This curious anomaly suggests that the evolution of Chinese cannabis biotypes may have taken place gradually, and merits further investigation to determine if bencao literature can help to clarify when fiber and drug biotypes diverged in ancient China, and the implications of such a divergence on its medical applications.â
fphar-08-00108.pdf (3.3 MB)
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Yes, that one is very interesting! The fact that it was a pure âAâ type to me means that it must be a true Italian landrace of antiquity, parent to a whole family of genotypes
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Yeah I donât miss schlepping that old 3/4â gear around. My back hurts just thinking about that. LOL
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I came in at the Beta SP / DVC PRO era with the brick batteries so not as bad as you had it. Iâm an editor now for reality/gameshows and now Iâll be getting into editing movies here in Los Angeles. This all came outta me editing my own stuff I would shoot for Univision/CBS/FOX back in the day.
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They are prized allies in our multi-national-force task forces.
Mauri and Gurkhas are the favorites
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Nice pile if beans!
Iâve always wanted a kukri!
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