I think S1’s are technically sexual reproduction, since it’s done by forcing the plant to express as male via application of silver or rodelization. I think S1’s still generally aren’t good breeding material because, unless it’s a S1 of an IBL, it’s not going to be much more stable in terms of recessives than a F2… which is famously where the freaks come out to play.
I think so? Chapter 3 FSC-506 MSc.(Ag) Hort) Fruit Science Sub Breeding of Fruit Crops This is the closest thing I could find to a clear reference to clone degeneration that wasn’t about sci-fi, or other cannabis forums asking the same question. I was going to discuss it further, but it turned into another three pages and I figured it would be better not to hijack the thread too much.
Anecdotally, I can tell you that the “Blueberry” I got from that friend of a friend, after a decade of taking clones of clones, came out terribly for me. Northern Lights, fresh from seed and grown with the same techniques and equipment as the Blueberry, came out great.